Difference between Random, SecureRandom and ThreadLocalRandom

In Java, using java.util.Random, java.security.SecureRandom, and java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom we can generate random numbers. 

In this tutorial, let's examine the differences among these classes and when to use each. 

1. java.util.Random

Random class is used to generate a stream of pseudo-random numbers. It is simpler to use and suitable for many applications. 

Here is an example of how to generate a random number using java.util.Random class. 

import java.util.Random;

public class RandomTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Random random = new Random();

        // Generate a random number between 0 and 10 (inclusive)
        int randomNumber = random.nextInt(11);
        System.out.println("Random number: " + randomNumber);
    }
}

But there are 2 downsides to it. 

1. Not cryptographically secure. 
2. Not performant efficient when used in multi-threaded environments.

SecureRandom & ThreadLocalRandom are the 2 classes that can be used to overcome the above problems. 

2. java.security.SecureRandom

Secure Random is a subclass of java.util.Random and is the preferred choice to generate random numbers in security-sensitive applications. It uses a cryptographically strong pseudorandom generator to generate random numbers. 

This CSRNG (Cryptographically Strong Random Number Generator) complies with the security requirements of Cryptography modules and all the random numbers generated are cryptographically strong and unpredictable. 

Here is an example of how to generate random numbers using SecureRandom class. 

package random;

import java.security.SecureRandom;

public class SecureRandomTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SecureRandom secureRandom = new SecureRandom();
        int randomInt = secureRandom.nextInt();
        System.out.println("Random number: " + randomInt);
    }
}

3. java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom 

java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom is a subclass of java.util.Random that is optimized for multi-threaded environments. It uses thread-local storage to generate random numbers so that each thread can generate its own sequence of random numbers without interference from other threads.

You can use the current() method to obtain the current instance of the ThreadLocalRandom class and then use the various methods provided by the class to generate random numbers. Here are a few examples:

package random;

import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;

public class ThreadLocalRandomTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Generate a random integer between 0 and 100
        int randomInt = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(100);
        System.out.println("Random integer: " + randomInt);

        // Generate a random double between 0 and 1
        double randomDouble = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextDouble();
        System.out.println("Random double: " + randomDouble);

        // Generate a random long between 0 and 1000000
        long randomLong = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextLong(1000000);
        System.out.println("Random long: " + randomLong);
    }
}

4. Conclusion

In general, if you need to generate random numbers for cryptography, you should use java.security.SecureRandom. If you need to generate random numbers in a multi-threaded environment with no thread congestion & no performance penalty, you should use java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom. Otherwise, if you just need to generate random numbers for general-purpose applications, you can use java.util.Random.

CodeProject